Mu myaka yashize, ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa ku isi zateye imbere byihuse, cyane cyane tekinoroji y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi yateye intambwe ishimishije. Mu 2024, umushinga munini w’amafoto y’amashanyarazi afunguye ku isi wahujwe neza na gride i Shandong, mu Bushinwa, wongeye gushimangira inganda n’ejo hazaza h’amafoto y’amashanyarazi. Uyu mushinga ntugaragaza gusa gukura kwikoranabuhanga rya foto yifoto yo hanze, ahubwo unatanga icyerekezo gishya cyiterambere ryingufu zishobora kubaho mugihe kizaza. None, ni ukubera iki amafoto ya offshore akunzwe cyane? Ni ibihe byerekezo by'iterambere biri imbere?
1. Ibyiza byo gufotora amafoto yo hanze: Kuki bikwiye kwiteza imbere?
Offshore Photovoltaics (Offshore Floating PV) bivuga kwishyiriraho modulifoto yubusa hejuru yinyanja kugirango itange amashanyarazi. Ugereranije nubutaka gakondo bwamafoto yubutaka, bufite ibyiza byinshi:
1. Kubungabunga umutungo wubutaka
Amashanyarazi yubutaka yubutaka afite ubutaka bwinshi, mugihe ifoto yifoto yo hanze ikoresha umwanya winyanja, ifasha mugukemura ibibazo byubutaka, cyane cyane mubice bituwe cyane cyangwa uduce dufite ubutaka buke.
2. Gukoresha ingufu nyinshi
Bitewe n'ubushyuhe buringaniye ku nyanja, ingaruka zo gukonjesha umubiri wamazi zituma ubushyuhe bwa moderi ya fotovoltaque bugabanuka, bityo bikazamura ingufu z'amashanyarazi.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi yo hanze ashobora kuba hejuru ya 5% ~ 10% ugereranije n’amafoto y’ubutaka.
3. Gukoresha byimazeyo ingufu zishobora kubaho
Photovoltaics yo hanze irashobora guhuzwa nimbaraga zumuyaga zo mumazi kugirango habeho ingufu zumuyaga "izuba-izuba ryuzuzanya" kugirango tunoze itangwa ryingufu.
Irashobora kandi guhuzwa ninganda nkubworozi bwo mu nyanja hamwe n’amazi yo mu nyanja kugira ngo tugere ku iterambere ry’imikorere myinshi.
4. Kugabanya inzitizi zumukungugu no kunoza isuku yibikoresho bifotora
Amashanyarazi yubutaka yibasirwa byoroshye numucanga nicyondo, bikaviramo kwanduza hejuru ya moderi yifotora, mugihe amafoto yo mumashanyarazi yo hanze atabangamiwe nibi kandi afite amafaranga make yo kubungabunga.
2.Umushinga munini wamafoto yumuriro wa offshore: Uruhare rwa Shandong
Ihuriro ryiza rya gride nini nini ku isi ifungura amafoto y’amashanyarazi i Dongying, Shandong, irerekana icyiciro gishya cy’amafoto y’amashanyarazi agana ku iterambere rinini n’ubucuruzi. Ibiranga umushinga birimo:
1.
2. Intera ndende: Umushinga uherereye mukarere ka nyanja ibirometero 8 uvuye ku nyanja, uhuza nibidukikije bigoye byo mu nyanja, byerekana ko bishoboka ko tekiniki y’amafoto yo hanze.
3.
Uyu mushinga ntabwo ari intambwe yingenzi mu guhindura ingufu z’Ubushinwa, ahubwo unatanga uburambe ku bindi bihugu kwigira no guteza imbere iterambere ry’amafoto y’amashanyarazi ku isi.
III. Imiterere iriho hamwe nigihe kizaza cyamafoto yisi yose
1. Ibihugu bikuru bikoreshwa muma foto ya fotora
Kugeza ubu, usibye Ubushinwa, ibihugu nk'Ubuholandi, Ubuyapani, na Singapuru nabyo birimo gukoresha amashusho y’amafoto yo hanze.
Ubuholandi: Nko muri 2019, umushinga wa "Solar Sea Solar" watangijwe kugirango harebwe niba bishoboka ko amafoto y’amashanyarazi yo mu nyanja ashobora kuba mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru.
Japan
Singapore: Umushinga munini w’amazi areremba ku isi (60MW) wubatswe kandi ukomeje guteza imbere porogaramu zikoresha amafoto y’amashanyarazi.
2. Ibihe bizaza mugutezimbere amafoto ya offshore
(1) Iterambere ryuzuye hamwe nimbaraga zumuyaga wo hanze
Mu bihe biri imbere, amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi hamwe n’ingufu z’umuyaga wo mu nyanja bizagenda buhoro buhoro byerekana “umuyaga wuzuzanya n’umuyaga”, ukoresheje agace kamwe k’inyanja hagamijwe iterambere ry’ingufu. Ibi ntibishobora kugabanya ibiciro byubwubatsi gusa, ahubwo binateza imbere ingufu.
(2) Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga no kugabanya ibiciro
Kugeza ubu, amafoto y’amashanyarazi yo hanze aracyafite ibibazo bya tekiniki nko kwangiza umunyu, kwangirika kwumuyaga n’umuyaga, no kubungabunga neza. Nyamara, hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga nkibikoresho bifotora birwanya ruswa, imikorere yubwenge no kuyitaho, hamwe nogucunga neza AI, amafaranga yo kubaka no gufata neza amafoto y’amashanyarazi yo hanze azagenda agabanuka buhoro buhoro.
(3) Politiki n'inkunga y'ishoramari
Guverinoma z'ibihugu bitandukanye zirimo kongera inkunga ya politiki yo gufotora amashusho yo hanze, urugero:
Ubushinwa: “Gahunda y’imyaka 14 n’imyaka itanu” ishyigikira byimazeyo iterambere ry’ingufu nshya zo mu nyanja kandi ishishikarizwa iterambere rihuriweho n’amafoto y’amashanyarazi yo hanze ndetse n’umuyaga uturuka ku nyanja.
Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi: Yasabye “Ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi” kandi irateganya kubaka ikigo kinini cy’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu nyanja mu 2050, muri zo zikaba zizaba zifite uruhare runini.
IV. Inzitizi hamwe ningamba zo guhangana nifoto yo hanze
Nubwo amafoto ya offshore afite amahirwe menshi, baracyafite ibibazo bimwe na bimwe, nka:
1. Ibibazo bya tekiniki
Igishushanyo kirwanya umuyaga n'umuhengeri: ibice bifotora hamwe na brake bigomba kwihanganira ibidukikije bikaze byo mu nyanja (nka tifuni n'umuhengeri mwinshi).
Ibikoresho birwanya ruswa: Amazi yo mu nyanja yangirika cyane, kandi modul ya fotovoltaque, imirongo, imiyoboro, nibindi bigomba gukoresha ibikoresho byangiza umunyu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-25-2025